Mecca

Mecca is understood here as an exceptional ritual state, not as an ordinary city suitable as a model for a civil capital. Shahrur links it to a single religious function, and therefore sees it as unsuitable to be the center of a pluralistic and civil state.

• Historical religious reading explains the emergence of society and its orientation toward rights
• Mecca is not suitable as a civil capital
• Mecca and the Sacred House are understood as a ritual state preceding political construction