Haman

Haman in the source represents the religious authority that grants legitimacy to political tyranny. His role is symbolic within the Pharaoh/Haman/Qarun triad through which the author reads interlocking forms of despotism.

• The Qur’anic narratives encode historical laws
• Religious authority as Haman
• Renaissance and the civil state require overcoming authoritarian heritage and building citizenship
• Pharaoh, Haman, and Qarun as models of the structure of tyranny