Nationality

Nationality is understood in the source as a bond of language, tongue, and thought among a rational group. The author makes it a level of belonging distinct from the ummah and the people, so that identity is not reduced to a single dimension and is not used to justify exclusion.

Referred to by

• Mutual acquaintance and multiple belonging make a group without contradiction
• A group is defined by behavior, language, or system
• Nationality is a bond of language and thought
• Multiplicity of levels of belonging
• There is no contradiction between affiliations