Disbelief is interpreted in this source as concealment or an open display of hostility, not merely a difference of belief. This meaning makes it an act of confrontation and overt enmity, linked to severing oneself from values and truth.
- Human Islam is re-established in the Qur’an as a system of values, freedom, and citizenship that transcends closed identity
- The distinction between guilt, wrong, and sin distributes responsibility between forgiveness, reform, and insistence
- Polytheism is the fixation of what is changeable
- Disbelief is an overt hostile declaration
- The Qur’anic method and the redefinition of concepts move Islam from identity to values
- The concepts of loyalty, disbelief, and polytheism are reread on a value-based, not identity-based, foundation