The Ummah

The ummah here is a group bound by a unified mode of behavior, and it may be rational or non-rational. The author uses this definition to determine a level of social affiliation independent of nationality and people, so that political, linguistic, and religious meanings do not become conflated.

Referenced by

• The ummah is a bond of unified behavior
• Mutual acquaintance and multiple affiliations create a group without contradiction
• The group is defined by behavior, language, or system
• The multiplicity of levels of affiliation
• There is no contradiction between affiliations