The civil state is the political form that Shahrur seeks: a state based on law, rights, freedoms, and the separation of powers, not on persons or coercion. Its function is to protect the open public sphere and ensure pluralism and freedom of opinion, while separating religious rites from authority.
- The civil state is based on rights and freedoms
- The Muhammadan mission inaugurated the age of cities
- Social history moves from monism to pluralism
- History moves toward pluralism
- Pluralism creates the civil state
- Pluralism is the basis of the state and civil society
- The civil state presupposes pluralism and the separation of powers
- The civil state is based on pluralism
- The civil state is based on freedom, pluralism, and organized citizenship
- The civil state is based on obedience to the law
- The civil state and civil society are the horizon of history because pluralism and freedom defeat monism
- The revelations and the Muhammadan mission establish a society of rights and plurality
- Human society evolves historically toward more complex and organized forms
- Freedom of opinion is part of the civil state
Cross-book concept: See civil state for the unifying theme across the books.
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- Civil state