For Shahrur, pluralism is not merely social diversity; it is a condition of development and freedom and the basis of the civil state. He contrasts it with monism, which he sees as a cause of despotism and ruin, and makes acceptance of it a criterion for the soundness of society and shura.
- The civil state is based on rights and freedoms
- Shura is based on pluralism
- Monism is a divine attribute, not a social one
- Monism is a divine attribute, not a human model
- Monism and despotism lead to ruin
- Monistic systems carry the seeds of their own demise
- Social history moves from monism to pluralism
- History and society condemn monism to injustice and ruin
- History moves toward pluralism
- Pluralism creates the civil state
- Pluralism is a condition of development and freedom
- Pluralism is the basis of the state and civil society
- The civil state presupposes pluralism and the separation of powers
- The civil state is based on pluralism
- The civil state is based on freedom, pluralism, and organized citizenship
- The civil state is based on obedience to the law
- The civil state and civil society are the horizon of history because pluralism and freedom defeat monism
- Shura is a constitutional democracy based on pluralism and organized points of reference
- The Qur’an consolidates pluralism and prevents monism
- The historical religious reading explains the emergence of society and its orientation toward rights
- Human society develops historically toward more complex and organized forms
- Civil society is based on pluralism
- The binary of monism and pluralism
- Freedom of opinion is part of the civil state
- Mecca is not suitable as a civil capital