What Is Meant
Shahrur holds that science and freedom are inseparable; their common denominator is evidence and dialogue On this basis, the civil state is founded
The Atom’s Structure in the Atlas
- Type of argument: methodological
- Argument trajectory: science and freedom are inseparable through evidence and dialogue.
- Key terms: science, freedom, evidence, dialogue.
- Degree of centrality: central.
The atom links science and freedom as inseparable in the foundation of the civil state. It shows that the criterion governing their relationship is evidence and dialogue, not coercion or blind submission.
Reading Aids
Grounding
- Supporting text: “Science and freedom are twins, and the common denominator between them is evidence and dialogue; therefore the civil state is founded upon them.”
Grounding Location in the Book
- Book: The State and Society.
- Location: in the final section of the book
- Type of grounding: direct witness.
- Marker for verification: العلم والحرية توأمان
- Reading note: this location is suitable as a direct warrant because it explicitly states that science and freedom are twins and that the civil state is founded upon them.
Degree of Documentation
- Level: directly documented
- Meaning of the level: the atom rests on an explicit witness close to the wording of the claim.
- Limits of reading: the formulation above is an analytical summary, and should not be treated as a verbatim quotation unless the witness is quoted exactly.
Its Function in the Book
Its function here is argumentative; it supports a larger conclusion in the chapter or prepares for it.
Editorial Note
It is preferable to preserve the link between this source and the concept of the civil state.